By treaty or through war, Native American tribes ceded 23 million acres of land to the United States under Madison's presidency. He presided over the creation of the Second Bank of the United States and the enactment of the protective Tariff of 1816. The war convinced Madison of the necessity of a stronger federal government. Madison was re-elected in 1812, albeit by a smaller margin than in the 1808 election. The war was an administrative morass and ended inconclusively, but many Americans saw it as a successful "second war of independence" against Britain. After diplomatic protests and a trade embargo failed to end British seizures of American shipping, he led the United States into the War of 1812. Madison contested and won the 1808 presidential election. In that position, he supervised the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the United States. After Thomas Jefferson was elected president in 1800, Madison served as his Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809. During the early 1790s, Madison opposed the economic program and the accompanying centralization of power favored by Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton and organized the Democratic–Republican Party in opposition to Hamilton's Federalist Party. Madison emerged as an important leader in the House of Representatives and was a close adviser to President George Washington. He became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution, and joined Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in writing The Federalist Papers, a series of pro-ratification essays which remains among the more prominent works of political science in American history. Madison's Virginia Plan served as the basis for the Convention's deliberations, and he was among the more influential individuals at the convention. Disillusioned by the weak national government established by the Articles of Confederation, he helped organize the Constitutional Convention, which produced a new constitution. He served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress during and after the American Revolutionary War. Madison was born into a prominent planter family in Virginia. ![]() ![]() Madison is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights. ![]() He served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. (Ma – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father.
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